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The papal nobility is the nobility of the Holy See. Only the title Count is still granted by the Pope. Others formerly granted include Baron, Marquis, Duke and Prince. The Papal nobility was part of Papal Court until the 1968 apostolic letter ''Pontificalis Domus'', and was part of the Italian nobility from the 1929 Lateran Treaty to the 1946 abolition of the Italian monarchy. ==History== The Papal States under the temporal jurisdiction of the pope had a territorial nobility, allied and intermarried with the nobility of other Italian states. During this period, throughout Italy, various influential families came to positions of power through the election to the papacy of a family member or were elevated into the ranks of nobility through ecclesiastic promotion. These families freely intermarried with aristocratic nobility. Like other noble families, those with both papal power and money were able to purchase comunes or other tracts of land and elevate family patriarchs and other relatives to noble titles. Hereditary patriarchs were appointed ''Duke'', ''Marquis'' and even ''Prince'' of various 16th- and 17th-century ''principalities''. According to Ranke: Popes commonly elevated members of prominent families to the position of Cardinal; especially second and third sons who would not otherwise inherit hereditary titles. Popes also elevated their own family members - especially nephews - to the special position of Cardinal-Nephew. Prominent families could purchase curial offices for their sons and regularly did, hoping that the son would rise through Church ranks to become a Bishop or a Cardinal, from which position they could dispense further titles and positions of authority to other family members.〔( ''History of the popes; their church and state (Volume III)'' ) by Leopold von Ranke (2009, Wellesley College Library)〕 The period was famous for papal nepotism and many families, such as the Barberini and Pamphili, benefited greatly from having a papal relative. Families that had previously been limited to agricultural or mercantile ventures found themselves, sometimes within only one or two generations, elevated to the Roman nobility when a relative was elected to the papal throne.〔 Modern Italy is dotted with the fruits of their success - various family ''palazzi'' remain standing today as a testament to their sometimes meteoric rise to power. After the Kingdom of Italy annexed the Papal States and captured Rome in 1870, the pope remained a self-described "Prisoner in the Vatican", supported by the "Black Nobility" of families who remained loyal to the papacy rather than the Italian monarchy. The Lateran Treaty ended the dispute and made the Papal nobility a part of the Italian nobility until the 1946 abolition of the Italian monarchy. As most of the Papal States were annexed by the Kingdom of Italy in 1870, the new kingdom recognized the existing nobility in its new territory, and the papal nobility forms a major branch of the Italian nobility. On the occasion of the signing of the Lateran Accords of 1929, the Italian government recognized and confirmed the pope's power to grant noble titles, and recognized the titles granted by the Pope until that date and all future titles as equivalent to the noble titles of the Kingdom of Italy. With Paul VI, who responded in ''Pontificalis Domus'' to the formal Christmas message of the patriciate by declaring that the papal nobility would no longer be a constituent body in the papal court, the custom of conferring noble titles such as Count, Marquis, Duke or Prince essentially disappeared. Pope John Paul II did grant several noble titles to Polish compatriots at the beginning of his pontificate, but quietly and without their being published in the Acts of The Apostolic See. The popes continue to award knighthoods and medals of merit on a regular basis, which do not confer titled-nobility status with the exception of Count of the Sacred Palace of Lateran.〔Philippe Levillain, ed. John W. O'Malley, tr. ''The Papacy: An Encyclopedia'' (2002) vol. ii ''s.v.'' "Nobility, Roman".〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Papal nobility」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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